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Video: External urethral sphincter electromyography and the influence of the menstrual cycle

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External urethral sphincter electromyography in asymptomatic women and the influence of the menstrual cycle

Cecile Tawadros*†, Katherine Burnett*, Laura F. Derbyshire*, Thomas Tawadros†, Noel W. Clarke*‡ and Christopher D. Betts*

 

*Department of Urology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK, †Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland, and ‡Department of Urology, Christie Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

 

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OBJECTIVE

To investigate by electromyography (EMG), the presence of complex repetitive discharges (CRDs) and decelerating bursts (DBs) in the striated external urethral sphincter during the menstrual cycle in female volunteers with no urinary symptoms and complete bladder emptying.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Healthy female volunteers aged 20–40 years, with regular menstrual cycles and no urinary symptoms were recruited. Volunteers completed a menstruation chart, urinary symptom questionnaires, pregnancy test, urine dipstick, urinary free flow and post-void ultrasound bladder scan. Exclusion criteria included current pregnancy, use of hormonal medication or contraception, body mass index of >35 kg/m2, incomplete voiding and a history of pelvic surgery. Eligible participants underwent an external urethral sphincter EMG, using a needle electrode in the early follicular phase and the mid-luteal phase of their menstrual cycles. Serum oestradiol and progesterone were measured at each EMG test.

RESULTS

In all, 119 women enquired about the research and following screening, 18 were eligible to enter the study phase. Complete results were obtained in 15 women. In all, 30 EMG tests were undertaken in the 15 asymptomatic women. Sphincter EMG was positive for CRDs and DBs at one or both phases of the menstrual cycle in eight (53%) of the women. Three had CRDs and DBs in both early follicular and mid-luteal phases. Five had normal EMG activity in the early follicular phase and CRDs and DBs in the mid-luteal phase. No woman had abnormal EMG activity in the early follicular phase and normal activity in the luteal phase. There was no relationship between EMG activity and age, parity or serum levels of oestradiol and progesterone.

CONCLUSIONS

CRDs and DB activity in the external striated urethral sphincter is present in a high proportion of asymptomatic young women. This abnormal EMG activity has been shown for the first time to change during the menstrual cycle in individual women. CRDs and DBs are more commonly found in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The importance of CRDs and DBs in the aetiology of urinary retention in young women remains uncertain. The distribution and or quantity of abnormal EMG activity in the external urethral sphincter may be important. In a woman with urinary retention the finding of CRDs and DBs by needle EMG does not automatically establish Fowler’s syndrome as the explanation for the bladder dysfunction. Urethral pressure profilometry may be helpful in establishing a diagnosis. Opiate use and psychological stress should be considered in young women with urinary retention.

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Video: 6 months after RAPN – Renal Function is the same regardless of clamp technique

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Renal Function is the same regardless of clamp technique 6 months after Robot-assisted Partial Nephrectomy: Analysis of Off-Clamp, Selective Arterial Clamp and Main Artery Clamp with minimum of 1 year follow-up.

Christos Komninos*‡, Tae Young Shin†, Patrick Tuliao*, Woong Kyu Han*, Byung Ha Chung*, Young Deuk Choi* and Koon Ho Rha* 

 

*Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, †Department of Urology, Chuncheon Sacred Hospital, Hallym Medical College, Chuncheon, Korea, and ‡Department of Urology, General Hospital of Nikaia ‘St. Panteleimon’, Athens, Greece
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OBJECTIVE

To compare the renal functional outcomes, with >1 year of follow-up, of patients who underwent robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) performed with different clamping techniques.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The peri-operative data of patients undergoing RAPN performed with different clamping techniques were retrospectively analysed (group 1: off-clamp, n = 23; group 2: selective clamp, n = 25; group 3: main artery clamp, n = 114). The main outcome measures were postoperative serum creatinine level, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and percentage change in eGFR, the data for which were collected at periodic intervals during the first 12 months and annually thereafter, in addition to late eGFR value. Only patients with >1 year of follow-up were included in the analysis.

RESULTS

The baseline characteristics of groups 2 and 3 were similar, while patients in group 1 had smaller sized tumours and lower tumour complexity. The median follow-up periods were 45 (group 1), 20 (group 2) and 47 (group 3) months. The median clamping times were 24.8 min in the main artery clamp and 18 min in the selective artery clamp groups. Group 2 had greater median blood loss volume (100 vs 500 vs 200 mL for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively; P < 0.01) and a longer length of hospital stay (3 vs 4 vs 3 days for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively; P = 0.02). No significant differences were found among the groups with regard to transfusion rates, positive surgical margin rates, complications, recurrence or mortality rates. Groups 1 and 2 had significantly less deterioration of postoperative renal function during the first 3 months after surgery (P = 0.04; percent change in eGFR −1.5, −2 and −8% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively), but this beneficial outcome was not observed after 6 months or for the latest eGFR measurement (P = 0.48; latest percent change in eGFR −3, −6 and −3.5% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). In regression analysis, baseline eGFR, type of clamp procedure and tumour complexity score were predictive of normal renal function 7 days after surgery, while only baseline eGFR and age could predict it 1 year postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS

Off-clamp and selective artery clamp techniques result in superior short-term renal functional outcomes compared with the main artery clamp approach; however, after the 6th postoperative month, there were no significant differences regarding the functional outcome among the above surgical techniques, as long as the warm ischaemia time was 20–30 min.

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Video: Enzalutamide in European and North American men participating in the AFFIRM trial

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Enzalutamide in European and North American men participating in the AFFIRM trial

Axel S. Merseburger, Howard I. Scher†, Joaquim Bellmunt‡, Kurt Miller§, Peter F.A. Mulders¶, Arnulf Stenzl**, Cora N. Sternberg††, Karim Fizazi‡‡, Mohammad Hirmand§§, Billy Franks¶¶, Gabriel P. Haas¶¶, Johann de Bono*** and Ronald de Wit†††

Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, §Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, **Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; †Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, ‡Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, §§Medivation, Inc., San Francisco, CA, ¶¶Astellas Scientific and Medical Affairs, Inc., Northbrook, IL, USA; ¶Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, †††Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ††San Camillo – Forlanini Hospitals, Rome, Italy; ‡‡Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Sud, Villejuif, France; ***Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK

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OBJECTIVE

To explore any differences in efficacy and safety outcomes between European (EU) (n = 684) and North American (NA) (n = 395) patients in the AFFIRM trial (NCT00974311).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational AFFIRM trial in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) after docetaxel. Participants were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive oral enzalutamide 160 mg/day or placebo. The primary end point was overall survival (OS) in a post hoc analysis.

RESULTS

Enzalutamide significantly improved OS compared with placebo in both EU and NA patients. The median OS in EU patients was longer than NA patients in both treatment groups. However, the relative treatment effect, expressed as hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval, was similar in both regions: 0.64 (0.50, 0.82) for EU and 0.63 (0.47, 0.83) for NA. Significant improvements in other end points further confirmed the benefit of enzalutamide over placebo in patients from both regions. The tolerability profile of enzalutamide was comparable between EU and NA patients, with fatigue and nausea the most common adverse events. Four EU patients (4/461 enzalutamide-treated, 0.87%) and one NA patient (1/263 enzalutamide-treated, 0.38%) had seizures. The difference in median OS was related in part to the timing of development of mCRPC and baseline demographics on study entry.

CONCLUSION

This post hoc exploratory analysis of the AFFIRM trial showed a consistent OS benefit for enzalutamide in men with mCRPC who had previously progressed on docetaxel in both NA- and EU-treated patients, although the median OS was higher in EU relative to NA patients. Efficacy benefits were consistent across end points, with a comparable safety profile in both regions.

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Video: Separating the wheat from the chaff – Cognitive skills assessment during RA surgery

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Cognitive skills assessment during robot-assisted surgery: separating the wheat from the chaff

Khurshid A. Guru, Ehsan T. Esfahani†, Syed J. Raza, Rohit Bhat†, Katy Wang‡,
Yana Hammond, Gregory Wilding‡, James O. Peabody§ and Ashirwad J. Chowriappa

Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; †Brain Computer Interface Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY; ‡Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; and §Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA

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OBJECTIVE

To investigate the utility of cognitive assessment during robot-assisted surgery (RAS) to define skills in terms of cognitive engagement, mental workload, and mental state; while objectively differentiating between novice and expert surgeons.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

In all, 10 surgeons with varying operative experience were assigned to beginner (BG), combined competent and proficient (CPG), and expert (EG) groups based on the Dreyfus model. The participants performed tasks for basic, intermediate and advanced skills on the da Vinci Surgical System™. Participant performance was assessed using both tool-based and cognitive metrics.

RESULTS

Tool-based metrics showed significant differences between the BG vs CPG and the BG vs EG, in basic skills. While performing intermediate skills, there were significant differences only on the instrument-to-instrument collisions between the BG vs CPG (2.0 vs 0.2, P = 0.028), and the BG vs EG (2.0 vs 0.1, P = 0.018). There were no significant differences between the CPG and EG for both basic and intermediate skills. However, using cognitive metrics, there were significant differences between all groups for the basic and intermediate skills. In advanced skills, there were no significant differences between the CPG and the EG except time (1116 vs 599.6 s), using tool-based metrics. However, cognitive metrics revealed significant differences between both groups.

CONCLUSION

Cognitive assessment of surgeons may aid in defining levels of expertise performing complex surgical tasks once competence is achieved. Cognitive assessment may be used as an adjunct to the traditional methods for skill assessment during RAS.

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Video: Progression and treatment of incident lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among men in the California Men’s Health Study

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Progression and treatment of incident lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among men in the California Men’s Health Study

Lauren P. Wallner, Jeff M. Slezak*, Ronald K. Loo†, Virginia P. Quinn*, Stephen K. Van Den Eeden‡ and Steven J. Jacobsen*

Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, *Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, †Department of Urology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, CA, and ‡Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA

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OBJECTIVES

To characterise the progression and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among men aged 45–69 years in the California Men’s Health Study.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 39 222 men, aged 45–69 years, enrolled in the Southern California Kaiser Permanente Health Plan were surveyed in 2002–2003 and again in 2006–2007. Those men who completed both surveys who did not have a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and were not on medication for LUTS at baseline were included in the study (N = 19 505). Among the men with no or mild symptoms at baseline, the incidence of moderate/severe LUTS (American Urological Association Symptom Index [AUASI] score ≥8) and odds of progression to severe LUTS (AUASI score ≥20) was estimated during 4 years of follow-up.

RESULTS

Of the 9640 men who reported no/mild LUTS at baseline, 3993 (41%) reported moderate/severe symptoms at follow-up and experienced a 4-point change in AUASI score on average. Of these men, 351 (8.8%) had received a pharmacological treatment, eight (0.2%) had undergone a minimally invasive or surgical procedure and 3634 (91.0%) had no treatment recorded. Men who progressed to severe symptoms (AUASI score ≥20; n = 165) were more likely to be on medication for BPH (odds ratio [OR] 8.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.77–11.35), have a BPH diagnosis (OR 4.74, 95% CI 3.40–6.61) or have seen a urologist (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.81–3.43) when compared with men who did not progress to severe symptoms (AUASI score <20).

CONCLUSION

These data show that the majority of men who experienced progression did not have pharmacological or surgical therapy for their symptoms and, therefore, may prove to be good candidates for a self-management plan.

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Video: Inducing regression of fibrotic plaque in Peyronie’s disease by silencing histone deacetylase 2

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Silencing histone deacetylase 2 using small hairpin RNA induces regression of fibrotic plaque in a rat model of Peyronie’s disease

Ki-Dong Kwon, Min Ji Choi, Jin-Mi Park, Kang-Moon Song, Mi-Hye Kwon, Dulguun Batbold, Guo Nan Yin, Woo Jean Kim, Ji-Kan Ryu and Jun-Kyu Suh

National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-711, Korea

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OBJECTIVES

To examine the therapeutic effect of adenovirus encoding histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) small hairpin RNA (Ad-HDAC2 shRNA) in a rat model of Peyronie’s disease (PD) and to determine the mechanisms by which HDAC2 knockdown ameliorates fibrotic responses in primary fibroblasts derived from human PD plaque.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Rats were distributed into four groups (n = 6 per group): age-matched controls without treatment; rats in which PD has been induced (PD rats) without treatment; PD rats receiving a single injection of control adenovirus encoding scrambled small hairpin RNA (Ad-shRNA) (day 15; 1 × 108 pfu/0.1 mL phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]); and PD rats receiving a single injection of Ad-HDAC2 shRNA (day 15; 1 × 108 pfu/0.1 mL PBS) into the lesion. PD-like plaque was induced by repeated intratunical injections of 100 μL each of human fibrin and thrombin solutions on days 0 and 5. On day 30, the penis was harvested for histological examination. Fibroblasts isolated from human PD plaque were pretreated with HDAC2 small interfering (si)RNA (100 pmoL) and then stimulated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (10 ng/mL) to determine hydroxyproline levels, procollagen mRNA, apoptosis and protein expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and cyclin D1.

RESULTS

We observed that Ad-HDAC2 shRNA decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, reduced transnuclear expression of phospho-Smad3 and regressed fibrotic plaque of the tunica albuginea in PD rats in vivo. siRNA-mediated silencing of HDAC2 significantly decreased the TGF-β1-induced transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and collagen production, and induced apoptosis by downregulating the expression of PARP1, and decreased the expression of cyclin D1 (a positive cell-cycle regulator) in primary cultured fibroblasts derived from human PD plaque in vitro.

CONCLUSION

Specific inhibition of HDAC2 with RNA interference may represent a novel targeted therapy for PD.

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Video: PROs in Prostate Brachytherapy

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Using Patient-Reported Outcomes to Assess and Improve Prostate Cancer Brachytherapy

James A. Talcott 1, 2, 10, 11, Judith Manola 3, Ronald C. Chen 4, Jack A. Clark 5, 6, Irving Kaplan 7, 8, Anthony V. D’Amico 8, 11 and Anthony L. Zietman 9, 11

1 Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, 2 Continuum Cancer Centers of New York, New York, NY, 3 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 4 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 5 Center for Health Quality, Outcomes, and Economic Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, 6 Boston University School of Public Health, 7 Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, 8 Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 9 Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 10 Albert Einstein School of Medicine, New York, NY, and 11 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

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OBJECTIVE
  • To describe a successful quality improvement process that arose from unexpected differences in control groups’ short-term patient-reported outcomes (PROs) within a comparative effectiveness study of a prostate brachytherapy technique intended to reduce urinary morbidity.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
  • Patients planning prostate brachytherapy at one of three institutions were enrolled in a prospective cohort study.
  • Patients were surveyed using a validated instrument to assess treatment-related toxicity before treatment and at pre-specified intervals.
  • Unexpectedly, urinary PROs were worse in one of two standard brachytherapy technique control populations (US-BT1 and US-BT2). Therefore, we collaboratively reviewed treatment procedures, identified a discrepancy in technique, made a corrective modification, and evaluated the change.
RESULTS
  • The patient groups were demographically and clinically similar.
  • In the first preliminary analysis, US-BT2 patients reported significantly more short-term post-treatment urinary symptoms than US-BT1 patients.
  • The studies treating physicians reviewed the US-BT1 and US-BT2 treatment protocols and found that they differed in whether they used an indwelling urinary catheter.
  • After adopting the US-BT1 approach, short-term urinary morbidity in US-BT2 patients decreased significantly. Brachytherapy procedures were otherwise unchanged.
CONCLUSION
  • Many procedures in cancer treatments are not evaluated, resulting in practice variation and suboptimal outcomes. Patients, the primary medical consumers, provide little direct input in evaluations of their care.
  • We used PROs, a sensitive and valid measure of treatment-related toxicity, for quality assessment and quality improvement (QA/QI) of prostate brachytherapy. This serendipitous patient-centred QA/QI process may be a useful model for empirically evaluating complex cancer treatment procedures and for screening for substandard care.
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The Big Data challenge: amplify your content using video and maximise your impact

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It remains a great achievement for an author to have his or her work published in a peer-reviewed journal such as the BJUI. There is a tremendous sense of fulfilment when the e-mail from the Editor-in-Chief includes ‘accept’ in the subject heading. What may have been a long period from study design, through ethics approval, patient recruitment, intervention, data collection, statistical analysis, manuscript preparation, to final revisions, finally comes to an end – chapter closed, move on.

However, in this era of ‘Big Data’, we are now confronted with new challenges with respect to getting our content noticed. It is estimated that of all the data created in the history of mankind, from early cave drawings to medieval manuscripts and modern web 2.0 communication, >90% has been created in the past 2 years alone [1]. Two thousand years ago, 90% of the world’s content was thought to be archived in just one place, the Library of Alexandria in Egypt, and all of that content would easily fit on a flash drive today. With this massive amount of new data emerging, the current challenge is not just to get published, but also to get your work noticed. Are you always looking out for new methods of approaching potential customers? If the answer is yes, then you should definitely try out a geocoding service. Just imagine, you will have a large map in front of you, where the locations of all your customers are marked. You will know exactly where your customers live, and in which regions your products and services are most popular. Just think of what you can do with this knowledge. For starters, how about running some location based targeted marketing campaigns? These campaigns are sure to bring in lots of new customers, if you can fine-tune these properly. Geoparsing API by Geocodeapi.io can be done simply through address interpolation, which uses data from a street GIS where the street network is already inputted within the geographic coordinate space. Attributed in each street segment are address ranges, such as house numbers from one segment to another. Here is what geocoding does: (1) It takes an address, (2) matches it to a street and particular segment (e.g. a block), and (3) interpolates the address position. However, issues may arise in the geocoding process. What happens is that you have to distinguish between ambiguous addresses (say, “43 Hampton Drive” and “43E Hampton Drive”). It’s also a challenge when you geocode new addresses for a street that is not yet added to the GIS database. Using interpolation also entails a number of caveats, including the fact that it assumes that the parcels are evenly spaced along the length of the segment. This is quite unlikely in reality – it can be that a geocode address is off by a number of thousand feet. A more sophisticated geocoding application will match geocode information to the property level, using such tools as USPS address data, and cascade out to block, track or other levels depending on data matching accuracy.

This is where social media can help your content to rise above the morass and get into the mind of your target audience. At the BJUI, we have integrated social media into every aspect of the Journal [2], as it is clear that this is important for our readers [3]. The use of popular platforms, e.g. Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and Instagram, as well as our own blog site, allows us to greatly amplify the reach of our content, at lightning speed, and allows us to engage with our readers in a way that traditional print publishing never could.

In the video accompanying this editorial, we offer some practical advice to help our authors create high-quality video to augment their content. This advice includes:

  • Capture at the highest quality possible – digital video recorders outperform DVDs and are essential for laparoscopic and robotic work. For open surgery, a GoPro is our preferred capture device but an iPhone can also provide good footage.
  • Editing brings the video to life: video editing software is widely available and can transform your video from a dull procession into a vivid story. Add in additional footage (e.g. operating room footage to go with your laparoscopic video), still pictures, graphs, imaging etc, and add titles to help illustrate your key messages.
  • Output for social – your video-editing software will allow you to export your movie in a format optimised for YouTube (e.g. FLV file), or to upload directly to YouTube. Or just export it in a high-quality format and we will upload to YouTube for you.

We encourage the use of video to accompany any type of publication at BJUI, including web-only content such as blogs, and we require it for featured content such as the ‘Article of the Week’, ‘Article of the Month and Step by Step articles’. Videos in a surgical specialty like urology are often focused on procedural technique, but they do not have to be this limited and we encourage all other types of BJUI content to also be supplemented with video. Our BJUI Tube site and YouTube site contain good examples of how authors can describe their content with video by using figures and tables in an interview-style format. This latest video addresses issues around the capture and editing of videos to optimally complement your published work. These videos are then disseminated to a wider audience through our large social media network. All of our videos are ≈3 min in duration, as our analytics demonstrate that viewers ‘switch off’ when videos run for much longer.

We therefore encourage you to think social, think video, and help your content reach its maximum audience. We are here to help you!

Declan G. Murphy*†‡, Wouter Everaerts† and Stacy Loeb§
*Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, †The Royal Melbourne Hospital, ‡Epworth Prostate Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, and §New York University, New York, USA

References

  1. IBM. What is big data? 2013. Available at: https://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/bigdata/what-is-big-data.html. Accessed April 2014
  2. Murphy DG, Basto M. Social media @BJUIjournal – what a start! BJU Int 2013; 111: 1007–1009
  3. Loeb S, Bayne CE, Frey C et al. Use of social media in urology: data from the American Urological Association. BJU Int 2014; 113: 993–998
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